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http://ericpapasit.info/eleven.pdf
Tuesday, February 28, 2012
Monday, February 27, 2012
Case Study - Blog Entry 5
CHAPTER 9: Ethical Dilemma on The use of artificial Intelligence and Expert System
Situation :
A couple years ago Patricia returned to the UK to take up an academic position at a British University. She had been out in UK for over 20 years working for universities at number of countries, and had a good professional employment record. She decided to open a bank account with one of the large banks that had branch on the campus.
She met the bank manager, was given the necessary forms, duly completed them. A few days later she returned to the bank to open her account. Much to her surprise, she was told that she could only have cash account, i.e., she not be given any bank cards, cheque book, or the like, nor could she have any overdraft facility.
Patricia again met with the bank manager as she naturally felt there must have been some misunderstanding. Key points here are that she already had a bank account in the UK since her student days (although this had been largely unused during her years away), she owed no money on credit cards or the like, was UK citizen, and had a good track record with bank overseas. In addition, her salary from the university was to be paid into her account each month.
Despite her explaining these points, the bank manager was adamant that she could only have cash accounts. When asked to explain this decision, the bank manager indicated that it was not in fact her decision, but a decision made by an expert system. The bank always used this computer technology when making decisions about opening accounts for new clients, and in fact the bank manager could not overrule the restrictions that the expert systems imposed. In short, the expert system was empowered in the decision-making process to such an extent that it actually replaced the human decision-making process. The bank manager went on to explain that the problem was that the expert system had not previously encountered a person with Patricia’s particular background. And the key point to the computer was the extensive years of residency outside the UK.
Question:
To what extent do you think it is appropriate to replace the human decision-making process with the computer technologies such as expert systems?
• For me I think , it is inappropriate to be dependent on the computer technologies such as expert’s system it is because there are some things that expert’s system won’t do in human decision-making process considering: for instance, can expert’s system understand some explanations in a situations by which only human can do. It is not all the time computer technologies such as expert’s system can managed all the things that can human decision-making process can do, because computer controlled system may cause some problems or troubles in a company or in a business and may lead into a lose of clients and income.
During the conversation Patricia asked the bank manager whether she felt that it was appropriate for the expert system to be empowered in this way. The response she obtained was that it was a great idea because computers do not make mistakes. What do you think about this comment? Do computers make mistakes? Is any computerized system free from mistakes? Should we be educating people to believe that computers are infallible, are computers infallible? What do you think are the ramifications of believing in infallible computerized systems?
• For me, I would agree to his comment that computer do not make mistake but if the computer user inputs a wrong data then It would be that the data input into the computer is not reliable or inconsistent especially if it is done in a computerized system. On my opinion, I think we should not be educating people that computers are reliable it is because as an intelligent beings, we can often detect that something happened out of the ordinary has occurred which has not been previously anticipated and then take appropriate actions. Computers will only do what they have programmed to do, even if it is task to perform a dangerous act.
Situation :
A couple years ago Patricia returned to the UK to take up an academic position at a British University. She had been out in UK for over 20 years working for universities at number of countries, and had a good professional employment record. She decided to open a bank account with one of the large banks that had branch on the campus.
She met the bank manager, was given the necessary forms, duly completed them. A few days later she returned to the bank to open her account. Much to her surprise, she was told that she could only have cash account, i.e., she not be given any bank cards, cheque book, or the like, nor could she have any overdraft facility.
Patricia again met with the bank manager as she naturally felt there must have been some misunderstanding. Key points here are that she already had a bank account in the UK since her student days (although this had been largely unused during her years away), she owed no money on credit cards or the like, was UK citizen, and had a good track record with bank overseas. In addition, her salary from the university was to be paid into her account each month.
Despite her explaining these points, the bank manager was adamant that she could only have cash accounts. When asked to explain this decision, the bank manager indicated that it was not in fact her decision, but a decision made by an expert system. The bank always used this computer technology when making decisions about opening accounts for new clients, and in fact the bank manager could not overrule the restrictions that the expert systems imposed. In short, the expert system was empowered in the decision-making process to such an extent that it actually replaced the human decision-making process. The bank manager went on to explain that the problem was that the expert system had not previously encountered a person with Patricia’s particular background. And the key point to the computer was the extensive years of residency outside the UK.
Question:
To what extent do you think it is appropriate to replace the human decision-making process with the computer technologies such as expert systems?
• For me I think , it is inappropriate to be dependent on the computer technologies such as expert’s system it is because there are some things that expert’s system won’t do in human decision-making process considering: for instance, can expert’s system understand some explanations in a situations by which only human can do. It is not all the time computer technologies such as expert’s system can managed all the things that can human decision-making process can do, because computer controlled system may cause some problems or troubles in a company or in a business and may lead into a lose of clients and income.
During the conversation Patricia asked the bank manager whether she felt that it was appropriate for the expert system to be empowered in this way. The response she obtained was that it was a great idea because computers do not make mistakes. What do you think about this comment? Do computers make mistakes? Is any computerized system free from mistakes? Should we be educating people to believe that computers are infallible, are computers infallible? What do you think are the ramifications of believing in infallible computerized systems?
• For me, I would agree to his comment that computer do not make mistake but if the computer user inputs a wrong data then It would be that the data input into the computer is not reliable or inconsistent especially if it is done in a computerized system. On my opinion, I think we should not be educating people that computers are reliable it is because as an intelligent beings, we can often detect that something happened out of the ordinary has occurred which has not been previously anticipated and then take appropriate actions. Computers will only do what they have programmed to do, even if it is task to perform a dangerous act.
Case Study - Blog Entry 4
CHAPTER 7
So far in this chapter we have not paid any particular attention to the impact of ICT on older people – people who have previously lived in a fairly stable environment. Today the momentum of change (in which computer – based technologies play a pivotal role) is ever increasing. Consequently, older people are becoming ever more concerned and bewildered by the constant alterations that are occurring in practically every aspect of their daily lives. Stability is being replaced by instability. As younger people embrace e-mail, cellular phones, text messaging and the like, the older generations see their post offices closing, no longer is there any personal contact at the bank, and who knows for how much longer they will able to use a chequebook?
1. How do you perceive the ramifications of computer-based technologies and the current pace of change impacting on older people?
- The evolution of computer-based technologies is rapidly evolving nowadays. Even the older people must have to adopt the changes it brings. For me the use of computer-based technologies is a tool for encouraging seniors to improve their health practice. However, an assistance is needed for them to accompanied and teach them the advantages of what technology brings. Knowing that most of the older people are easily prone by diseases, then the computer-based technologies must have to provide a better solution in the caregiving of older adults.
2. To what extent are they becoming increasingly isolated?
-The impact of computer-based technology on older people is definitely isolated from the modern people of today. Older people are easily forgetting information. Some are illiterate in using computer because of poor eyesight. For them, gadgets of today are not belong to basic needs, they think of a technology as an expense By these reasons, the older people are tend to become isolated in computer-based technology. The development of technology is suitable for those people who can easily adopt with much interest and incite with technologies such as younger people, teenagers, and even a kid, they loved the technologies evolution.
3. Is direct personal contact being gradually eroded?
- Absolutely yes. One of feature of computer-based technologies is easily communication with other people in distance. Nowadays computer-based technology is gradually arising, the communication connectivity are being improved to provide a good communication service between the sender and receiver of message. Even resume to apply a job sends in e-mails, which is for me is informal for applying a job. Thus, direct personal contact being gradually eroded.
4. Perhaps discuss these issues with older person that you know, such as a family member. Identify the issues.
-My uncle once mentioned that he doesn’t like to have those any cellular phones or gadgets. He is almost 50 years old. For him technology is not his type. He said that he will not pay ever that price of gadgets. He was definitely isolated with technology.
5. Have these people gained as a consequence of the proliferation of and reliance we place upon computer- based technologies and the pace of change that has ensued?
- I think yes .
Ethical Dilemma- Chapter 8
Consider Alice, who is a staff member in a computer science department in New Zealand. She applies for a job at a university in the UK and is invited to travel to the UK for three-hour interview. Thus, Alice will have to fly some ten thousand miles each way in order to be present for three hours at the interview. Let us suppose that you are heading the interview committee in the UK, and are therefore Alice's primary point of contact, Alice send you an e-mail asking whether it would be possible for her to be interviewed using video conferencing facilities. She points out that this will not only save her a huge amount of flying time (at least 20 hours each way), buy also who will alleviate stress and furthermore - as she mentions - avoiding long-haul journey that are not absolutely necessary has a positive impact on the environment. in this respect she points out the significant amount of fuel that will be burnt in transporting her from New Zealand to the UK and on her return journey. She has access to high-quality video conferencing facilities and so does your university in the UK.
You bring this situation to the attention of other members of the interview committee, your head of department, and the like -- but find that nobody is particularly willing to make use of video conferencing facilities. This surprises you, especially as after all you are working in a computer science /IT department and therefore had supposed that staff would have been quite willing to embrace new technologies. You mention that costs will be saved in not having to pay Alice's airfare, and also stress that this is an opportunity to make use of computer technologies to avoid negative impact on the environment(in actual fact it is surprising how much fuel is consumed in supporting Alice's round-trip-the world trip).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What are your views on the situation?
- Putting myself as one of the interviewer, I will allow Alice to use that kind of proposal for job interview. Knowing that Alice was in the IT department, and she knows to use the video conferencing then this interview using the new technology is not a hustle for them. However, my insight about video conference interview is for preliminary interview only.
Do you feel that this highlights (even in a small way) the opportunity to reduce environmental damage by using technologies to support communication and therefore avoid unnecessary travel?
-No, because using technology can cause pollution too. Like for instance, they use the video conference then they use an electricity, while using the electricity they can make pollution where they getting the electricity.
Do you believe that people should be willing to adapt to the use of such videoconferencing technologies -- is this ethical issue?
-Nowadays technology makes the world easy, so no reason for not using the advance video conference technology especially in the business side. It is an issue when the purpose of using this video conference is not good such as sexual harassment.
So far in this chapter we have not paid any particular attention to the impact of ICT on older people – people who have previously lived in a fairly stable environment. Today the momentum of change (in which computer – based technologies play a pivotal role) is ever increasing. Consequently, older people are becoming ever more concerned and bewildered by the constant alterations that are occurring in practically every aspect of their daily lives. Stability is being replaced by instability. As younger people embrace e-mail, cellular phones, text messaging and the like, the older generations see their post offices closing, no longer is there any personal contact at the bank, and who knows for how much longer they will able to use a chequebook?
1. How do you perceive the ramifications of computer-based technologies and the current pace of change impacting on older people?
- The evolution of computer-based technologies is rapidly evolving nowadays. Even the older people must have to adopt the changes it brings. For me the use of computer-based technologies is a tool for encouraging seniors to improve their health practice. However, an assistance is needed for them to accompanied and teach them the advantages of what technology brings. Knowing that most of the older people are easily prone by diseases, then the computer-based technologies must have to provide a better solution in the caregiving of older adults.
2. To what extent are they becoming increasingly isolated?
-The impact of computer-based technology on older people is definitely isolated from the modern people of today. Older people are easily forgetting information. Some are illiterate in using computer because of poor eyesight. For them, gadgets of today are not belong to basic needs, they think of a technology as an expense By these reasons, the older people are tend to become isolated in computer-based technology. The development of technology is suitable for those people who can easily adopt with much interest and incite with technologies such as younger people, teenagers, and even a kid, they loved the technologies evolution.
3. Is direct personal contact being gradually eroded?
- Absolutely yes. One of feature of computer-based technologies is easily communication with other people in distance. Nowadays computer-based technology is gradually arising, the communication connectivity are being improved to provide a good communication service between the sender and receiver of message. Even resume to apply a job sends in e-mails, which is for me is informal for applying a job. Thus, direct personal contact being gradually eroded.
4. Perhaps discuss these issues with older person that you know, such as a family member. Identify the issues.
-My uncle once mentioned that he doesn’t like to have those any cellular phones or gadgets. He is almost 50 years old. For him technology is not his type. He said that he will not pay ever that price of gadgets. He was definitely isolated with technology.
5. Have these people gained as a consequence of the proliferation of and reliance we place upon computer- based technologies and the pace of change that has ensued?
- I think yes .
Ethical Dilemma- Chapter 8
Consider Alice, who is a staff member in a computer science department in New Zealand. She applies for a job at a university in the UK and is invited to travel to the UK for three-hour interview. Thus, Alice will have to fly some ten thousand miles each way in order to be present for three hours at the interview. Let us suppose that you are heading the interview committee in the UK, and are therefore Alice's primary point of contact, Alice send you an e-mail asking whether it would be possible for her to be interviewed using video conferencing facilities. She points out that this will not only save her a huge amount of flying time (at least 20 hours each way), buy also who will alleviate stress and furthermore - as she mentions - avoiding long-haul journey that are not absolutely necessary has a positive impact on the environment. in this respect she points out the significant amount of fuel that will be burnt in transporting her from New Zealand to the UK and on her return journey. She has access to high-quality video conferencing facilities and so does your university in the UK.
You bring this situation to the attention of other members of the interview committee, your head of department, and the like -- but find that nobody is particularly willing to make use of video conferencing facilities. This surprises you, especially as after all you are working in a computer science /IT department and therefore had supposed that staff would have been quite willing to embrace new technologies. You mention that costs will be saved in not having to pay Alice's airfare, and also stress that this is an opportunity to make use of computer technologies to avoid negative impact on the environment(in actual fact it is surprising how much fuel is consumed in supporting Alice's round-trip-the world trip).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What are your views on the situation?
- Putting myself as one of the interviewer, I will allow Alice to use that kind of proposal for job interview. Knowing that Alice was in the IT department, and she knows to use the video conferencing then this interview using the new technology is not a hustle for them. However, my insight about video conference interview is for preliminary interview only.
Do you feel that this highlights (even in a small way) the opportunity to reduce environmental damage by using technologies to support communication and therefore avoid unnecessary travel?
-No, because using technology can cause pollution too. Like for instance, they use the video conference then they use an electricity, while using the electricity they can make pollution where they getting the electricity.
Do you believe that people should be willing to adapt to the use of such videoconferencing technologies -- is this ethical issue?
-Nowadays technology makes the world easy, so no reason for not using the advance video conference technology especially in the business side. It is an issue when the purpose of using this video conference is not good such as sexual harassment.
Sunday, January 15, 2012
Case Study - Blog Entry 3
4.7 An Ethical Dilemma
The case about Alice who is an author, who did asked permission to use one’s work but the current publisher required large amount of money without considering that the work is very old and they are not the original publisher of the work.
Ethically, yes the publishers could require significant fees to be paid to them if their material is reproduced, but in the case of Alice we may consider that it is not the original publisher who priced her with significant fees, we could consider it as an abused of rights considering the value of the book. Thou, publishers have the right to require certain amount under to which contract but again publisher should think ethically so that they could not abused those rights. In the case of Alice, the publisher should consider the value of the book before they require significantly large amount of money. For us it is not so ethical for the publisher and encourages authors to plagiarize.
Nevertheless, it will be not ethical to make modifications of diagrams, and therefore avoid the payment of permissions fees. But if the publishers abused their rights which hinders the progress of a certain knowledge then for us we will ‘barrow the idea of one author’ and not to make modification.
For software, it will depend if it is permissible to take another person’s code, and make limited modification to it. If it is open source code then it is permissible to do modification and present it as your own work provided by giving proper credit of the previous coder. But if it is not an open source then it is not ethical. And finally, to compare to the case of Alice, then it is not ethical for a coder if he or she requires large amount of money considering his/her code’s value.
5.7 An Ethical Dilemma
The case here is about developing a website that will monitor and get information to those people that will use the website.
Well, for us if we are in the good side then we will develop the site. In this case as a professional we even contribute to our community by helping our law enforcement to monitor terrorism and criminal acts. For us we will not object on our boss to develop those sites providing that a law enforcement agency asked it, perhaps, the unethical part is not the developer of the site but the law enforcement agency who asked in terms of gathering information of the users of the sites.
For us we are doing our job as developers(considering also we help protect humanity) and they are doing their job as a law enforcement agency, in some point it is an honor for us to help limit the crime in our community. And we also think that the internet is currently being policed because in some country they have law governing the use of the internet so for sure those law enforcers or agency are setting monitors to track those violators.
The case about Alice who is an author, who did asked permission to use one’s work but the current publisher required large amount of money without considering that the work is very old and they are not the original publisher of the work.
Ethically, yes the publishers could require significant fees to be paid to them if their material is reproduced, but in the case of Alice we may consider that it is not the original publisher who priced her with significant fees, we could consider it as an abused of rights considering the value of the book. Thou, publishers have the right to require certain amount under to which contract but again publisher should think ethically so that they could not abused those rights. In the case of Alice, the publisher should consider the value of the book before they require significantly large amount of money. For us it is not so ethical for the publisher and encourages authors to plagiarize.
Nevertheless, it will be not ethical to make modifications of diagrams, and therefore avoid the payment of permissions fees. But if the publishers abused their rights which hinders the progress of a certain knowledge then for us we will ‘barrow the idea of one author’ and not to make modification.
For software, it will depend if it is permissible to take another person’s code, and make limited modification to it. If it is open source code then it is permissible to do modification and present it as your own work provided by giving proper credit of the previous coder. But if it is not an open source then it is not ethical. And finally, to compare to the case of Alice, then it is not ethical for a coder if he or she requires large amount of money considering his/her code’s value.
5.7 An Ethical Dilemma
The case here is about developing a website that will monitor and get information to those people that will use the website.
Well, for us if we are in the good side then we will develop the site. In this case as a professional we even contribute to our community by helping our law enforcement to monitor terrorism and criminal acts. For us we will not object on our boss to develop those sites providing that a law enforcement agency asked it, perhaps, the unethical part is not the developer of the site but the law enforcement agency who asked in terms of gathering information of the users of the sites.
For us we are doing our job as developers(considering also we help protect humanity) and they are doing their job as a law enforcement agency, in some point it is an honor for us to help limit the crime in our community. And we also think that the internet is currently being policed because in some country they have law governing the use of the internet so for sure those law enforcers or agency are setting monitors to track those violators.
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